What is "Enlightenment"?
As the author mentioned” enlightenment’s program was disenchantment of the world”,people may need be aware of the nature of the mass cultures,which is kind of products from the industrial cultures.It wants to notice people that we are in the myths that we created for many years,and that is “devil” lack of emotional depth while we are enjoying to consume it like we don’t know it.
What is "Dialectic"?
The logic of enlightenment .The creator and spirit of order should have the same significance of ruling the nature.
What is "Nominalism" and why is it an important concept in the text?
It stands for the kind of symbol which do not truly exist to make the kind of dialectic or science research more easy.
What is the meaning and function of "myth" in Adorno and Horkheimer's argument?
People believe that human beings can change and shape the world through the intellectual development.Finally,We get involved and addicted in the tricky circle, in which we have the definite belief so called the another “myth”.
In the beginning of the essay, Benjamin talks about the relation between "superstructure" and "substructure" in the capitalist order of production. What do the concepts "superstructure" and "substructure" mean in this context and what is the point of analyzing cultural production from a Marxist perspective?
The two terms should be all from Marxist perspective that reveal the relations to establish the stable structure.The substructure connects the individuals to build up the complex,or reveals the processing of production.It is based on the certain objects.And the superstructure lead to the crucial conceptions to shape the kind of fluctuation of development.For cultural production,it should be the conflict of the “substructure” way to ruling the “superstructure”.The point is at the balance of spirit and order.
Does culture have revolutionary potentials (according to Benjamin)? If so, describe these potentials. Does Benjamin's perspective differ from the perspective of Adorno & Horkheimer in this regard?
Benjamin said that we might be shameless if we sill insist in the knowledge poverty.I think it demonstrates the arguments from him that culture is always in the progress. There are two different ways between Ben and Ado&Hor.Ben argues that aesthetics use the politics.However,Ado&Hor just treat it as the entertainment or cultural consumption.From these two views. I prefer the one of Benjamin,which approve the way to separate the potentials in different aspects.
Benjamin discusses how people perceive the world through the senses and argues that this perception can be both naturally and historically determined. What does this mean? Give some examples of historically determined perception (from Benjamin's essay and/or other contexts).
It says our perception is not only dependent on the natural features,like we see the world.It is not like what we truly see.There is another element of history considerations to shape the certain factors.We have a certain background to perceive the wolrd and create the arts in which we could find out some historical evidences.There are some examples from late roman times mentioned by Benjamin.
What does Benjamin mean by the term "aura"? Are there different kinds of aura in natural objects compared to art objects?
It should be the “soul” of objects.It one piece of art is referred or copied ,we could say it have not the so-called “aura” any more.It should be connected with such terms like “uniqueness” “dependability”.We could perceive every objects from their “aura”.It probably is in sense of identities.For art objects, We might request it like the crucial reason why it can be treated as the true arts.
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